Advancing the Transformational–Transactional Model of Effective Leadership: Integrating two Classic Leadership Models with a Video-Based Method

The presented empirical study demonstrates that the predictive validity of Bass' “transformational-transactional” model of leadership can be enhanced by incorporating certain aspects of the older Ohio State “initiating structure-consideration” model of leadership. A precise, fine-grained video-based method shows that “initiating structure” behaviors (e.g., directing, informing, structuring) explained the variance in leader and team effectiveness better than “transactional behavior.” Thus, a refined version of Bass' augmentation thesis is supported: initiating structure behaviors (and not transactional behaviors, as originally posed) plus transformational leader behaviors are associated with high leader effectiveness. Another moderation effect of transformational leadership is established: between management-by-exception active and team effectiveness. The resulting expanded version of the transformational–transactional model calls for further video-based research of effective (team) leadership behaviors.