Analysis of integrated optical waveguides

An overview of the analysis of integrated optical waveguides is presented. Starting from the Maxwell’s equations, a formulation of the problem for general 3-D structures will be introduced. Then, for longitudinally invariant structures, problem for waveguides with 2-D cross section is presented for vectorial, semivectorial, and scalar formulations. Simpler 1-D case for planar structure will then be discussed in more detail. A novel scheme developed for the analysis of planar structures is given based on the variational method. Its application using also effective index method for reduction of dimensionality to analyze channels and directional couplers made by diffused Z-cut Y-propagating LiNbO3 crystal are demonstrated.