TY - JOUR
T1 - Automated Fetal Head Detection and Circumference Estimation from Free-Hand Ultrasound Sweeps Using Deep Learning in Resource-Limited Countries
AU - van den Heuvel, Thomas L.A.
AU - Petros, Hezkiel
AU - Santini, Stefano
AU - de Korte, Chris L.
AU - van Ginneken, Bram
PY - 2019/3/1
Y1 - 2019/3/1
N2 - Ultrasound imaging remains out of reach for most pregnant women in developing countries because it requires a trained sonographer to acquire and interpret the images. We address this problem by presenting a system that can automatically estimate the fetal head circumference (HC) from data obtained with use of the obstetric sweep protocol (OSP). The OSP consists of multiple pre-defined sweeps with the ultrasound transducer over the abdomen of the pregnant woman. The OSP can be taught within a day to any health care worker without prior knowledge of ultrasound. An experienced sonographer acquired both the standard plane—to obtain the reference HC—and the OSP from 183 pregnant women in St. Luke's Hospital, Wolisso, Ethiopia. The OSP data, which will most likely not contain the standard plane, was used to automatically estimate HC using two fully convolutional neural networks. First, a VGG-Net-inspired network was trained to automatically detect the frames that contained the fetal head. Second, a U-net-inspired network was trained to automatically measure the HC for all frames in which the first network detected a fetal head. The HC was estimated from these frame measurements, and the curve of Hadlock was used to determine gestational age (GA). The results indicated that most automatically estimated GAs fell within the P2.5–P97.5 interval of the Hadlock curve compared with the GAs obtained from the reference HC, so it is possible to automatically estimate GA from OSP data. Our method therefore has potential application for providing maternal care in resource-constrained countries.
AB - Ultrasound imaging remains out of reach for most pregnant women in developing countries because it requires a trained sonographer to acquire and interpret the images. We address this problem by presenting a system that can automatically estimate the fetal head circumference (HC) from data obtained with use of the obstetric sweep protocol (OSP). The OSP consists of multiple pre-defined sweeps with the ultrasound transducer over the abdomen of the pregnant woman. The OSP can be taught within a day to any health care worker without prior knowledge of ultrasound. An experienced sonographer acquired both the standard plane—to obtain the reference HC—and the OSP from 183 pregnant women in St. Luke's Hospital, Wolisso, Ethiopia. The OSP data, which will most likely not contain the standard plane, was used to automatically estimate HC using two fully convolutional neural networks. First, a VGG-Net-inspired network was trained to automatically detect the frames that contained the fetal head. Second, a U-net-inspired network was trained to automatically measure the HC for all frames in which the first network detected a fetal head. The HC was estimated from these frame measurements, and the curve of Hadlock was used to determine gestational age (GA). The results indicated that most automatically estimated GAs fell within the P2.5–P97.5 interval of the Hadlock curve compared with the GAs obtained from the reference HC, so it is possible to automatically estimate GA from OSP data. Our method therefore has potential application for providing maternal care in resource-constrained countries.
KW - Computer-aided detection and diagnosis
KW - Fetus
KW - Machine learning
KW - Neural network
KW - Obstetric Sweep Protocol
KW - Prenatal
KW - Resource-limited countries
KW - Segmentation
KW - Ultrasound
KW - n/a OA procedure
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85058454105&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.09.015
DO - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.09.015
M3 - Article
C2 - 30573305
AN - SCOPUS:85058454105
SN - 0301-5629
VL - 45
SP - 773
EP - 785
JO - Ultrasound in medicine and biology
JF - Ultrasound in medicine and biology
IS - 3
ER -