Automation in paving operations, too little or too much? Effectiveness and usability assessment of implementing different degrees of automation in Paving Operator Support Systems

Once only a vision, digitization and automation of construction operations are not only a reality but perhaps an urgency nowadays. Asphalt construction is no exception. This largely traditional sector, which has a significant impact on modern society, has already felt the urgency of transformation and disruption. Yet, the shift from the conventional, craftsmanship-dependent processes to semi- or fully automated operations is too substantial a leap for a short-term goal. The central principle of this body of work is that the successful adoption of automation technologies in the asphalt paving sector requires gradual progression along the levels of automation. This research work tried to address this issue by proposing concrete solutions for different levels of automation for paving and compaction operations. While higher automation levels can enhance operations, their effectiveness may be compromised by operator reluctance and lack of trust. Lower automation levels are better suited for current industry needs, revealing operators' implicit know-how. In essence, by providing a structure and indicating the impacts of different levels of automation in the asphalt construction industry, this body of work can be a guiding light for professionals and equipment manufacturers on their trajectory to automation of paving and compaction operations.