Blood Compatibility of Hydrophilic Polyphosphoesters

Polyphosphoesters (PPEs) are a class of versatile degradable polymers. Despite the high potential of this class of polymers in biomedical applications, little is known about their blood interaction and compatibility. We evaluated the hemocompatibility of water-soluble PPEs (with different hydrophilicities and molar masses) and PPE-coated model nanocarriers. Overall, we identified high hemocompatibility of PPEs, comparable to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), currently used for many applications in nanomedicine. Hydrophilic PPEs caused no significant changes in blood coagulation, negligible platelet activation, the absence of red blood cells lysis, or aggregation. However, when a more hydrophobic copolymer was studied, some changes in the whole blood clot strength at the highest concentration were detected, but only concentrations above that are typically used for biomedical applications. Also, the PPE-coated model nanocarriers showed high hemocompatibility. These results contribute to defining hydrophilic PPEs as a promising platform for degradable and biocompatible materials in the biomedical field.