@book{c0fa743b007743e5a9c1e71923dbc0b6,
title = "Computational models of social and emotional turn-taking for embodied conversational agents: a review",
abstract = "The emotional involvement of participants in a conversation not only shows in the words they speak and in the way they speak and gesture but also in their turn-taking behavior. This paper reviews research into computational models of embodied conversational agents. We focus on models for turn-taking management and (social) emotions. We are particularly interested in how in these models emotions of the agent itself and those of the others in uence the agent's turn-taking behavior and vice versa how turn-taking behavior of the partner is perceived by the agent itself. The system of turn-taking rules presented by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974) is often a starting point for computational turn-taking models of conversational agents. But emotions have their own rules besides the {"}one-at-a-time{"} paradigm of the SSJ system. It turns out that almost without exception computational models of turn-taking behavior that allow {"}continuous interaction{"} and {"}natural turntaking{"} do not model the underlying psychological, affective, attentional and cognitive processes. They are restricted to rules in terms of a number of supercially observable cues. On the other hand computational models for virtual humans that are based on a functional theory of social emotion do not contain explicit rules on how social emotions affect turn-taking behavior or how the emotional state of the agent is affected by turn-taking behavior of its interlocutors. We conclude with some preliminary ideas on what an architecture for emotional turn-taking should look like and we discuss the challenges in building believable emotional turn-taking agents.",
keywords = "Emotion, Computational models, Agents, Turn taking",
author = "{op den Akker}, {Hendrikus J.A.} and Merijn Bruijnes",
year = "2012",
month = may,
day = "23",
language = "English",
series = "CTIT Technical Report Series",
publisher = "Centre for Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT)",
number = "TR-CTIT-12-13",
address = "Netherlands",
}