Degradable and Recyclable 3D-Printed Pheromones Delivery System Reinforced by Metal Coordination Cross-Linking for Efficient Pest Trapping

Prompted by health and environmental concerns over chemical pesticides, insect sex pheromones offer a promising eco-friendly pest control alternative. However, their high volatility and degradability cause instability, which hinders widespread use. Currently, most pheromone carriers (e.g., commercial rubber) suffer from short release cycles, non-degradability, and non-recyclability, creating a need for sustainable alternatives. The study developed an insect pheromone sustained-release carrier using a cellulose acetate matrix fabricated via direct ink writing. The incorporation of lignin sulfonate and Fe³⁺ ions improved the carrier's mechanical strength and release performance. The 3D-printed carriers achieved over 90% encapsulation efficiency and provided sustained release for up to six weeks. Compared to commercial rubber carriers, they exhibit higher cumulative trapping effectiveness against Grapholita molesta, catching 53 ± 6 insects over six weeks, versus 38 ± 4 for the rubber carrier. They also demonstrate a soil cumulative degradation rate of 20.4 ± 0.8% within 105 days, indicating environmental sustainability. Notably, the carrier can be physically recycled and reprinted. The reprinted carrier maintains an encapsulation efficiency of 92.8 ± 3.4% and bioactivity. This novel 3D-printed system combines rapid production, degradability, and recyclability, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional pest control and supporting green agricultural innovation.