Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)

V. J.S. Oldenkotte; F. J. Witmans; M. H. Siekman; P. L. de Boeij; K. Sotthewes; C. Castenmiller; M. D. Ackermann; J. M. Sturm; H. J.W. Zandvliet

doi:10.1063/5.0051403

Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)

V. J.S. Oldenkotte^*, F. J. Witmans, M. H. Siekman, P. L. de Boeij, K. Sotthewes, C. Castenmiller, M. D. Ackermann, J. M. Sturm, H. J.W. Zandvliet

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (dI/dZ), and the differential conductivity (dI/dV). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the hcp and fcc stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid I(V) spectroscopy.

Original language	English
Article number	225301
Journal	Journal of Applied Physics
Volume	129
Issue number	22
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051403
Publication status	Published - 14 Jun 2021

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10.1063/5.0051403

Oldenkotte-2021-Dual-modulation-stm-simultaneous-hiFinal published version, 4.83 MBLicence: Taverne

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Oldenkotte, V. J. S., Witmans, F. J., Siekman, M. H., de Boeij, P. L., Sotthewes, K., Castenmiller, C., Ackermann, M. D., Sturm, J. M., & Zandvliet, H. J. W. (2021). Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111). Journal of Applied Physics, 129(22), Article 225301. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051403

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title = "Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)",

abstract = "We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (dI/dZ), and the differential conductivity (dI/dV). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the hcp and fcc stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid I(V) spectroscopy.",

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author = "Oldenkotte, {V. J.S.} and Witmans, {F. J.} and Siekman, {M. H.} and {de Boeij}, {P. L.} and K. Sotthewes and C. Castenmiller and Ackermann, {M. D.} and Sturm, {J. M.} and Zandvliet, {H. J.W.}",

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year = "2021",

month = jun,

day = "14",

doi = "10.1063/5.0051403",

language = "English",

volume = "129",

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Oldenkotte, VJS, Witmans, FJ, Siekman, MH , de Boeij, PL , Sotthewes, K , Castenmiller, C , Ackermann, MD , Sturm, JM & Zandvliet, HJW 2021, 'Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 129, no. 22, 225301. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051403

TY - JOUR

T1 - Dual modulation STM

T2 - Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)

AU - Oldenkotte, V. J.S.

AU - Witmans, F. J.

AU - Siekman, M. H.

AU - de Boeij, P. L.

AU - Sotthewes, K.

AU - Castenmiller, C.

AU - Ackermann, M. D.

AU - Sturm, J. M.

AU - Zandvliet, H. J.W.

PY - 2021/6/14

Y1 - 2021/6/14

N2 - We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (dI/dZ), and the differential conductivity (dI/dV). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the hcp and fcc stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid I(V) spectroscopy.

AB - We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (dI/dZ), and the differential conductivity (dI/dV). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the hcp and fcc stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid I(V) spectroscopy.

KW - 22/3 OA procedure

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VL - 129

JO - Journal of Applied Physics

JF - Journal of Applied Physics

IS - 22

M1 - 225301

ER -

Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)

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Dual Modulation Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: a Quest for Subnanometer Chemical Contrast on Thin Films

Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)

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