Energy Efficient Start-up of Crystal Oscillators using Stepwise Charging

Joeri B. Lechevallier; Harijot Singh Bindra; Ronan A.R. van der Zee; Bram  Nauta

doi:10.1109/JSSC.2021.3061032

Energy Efficient Start-up of Crystal Oscillators using Stepwise Charging

Joeri B. Lechevallier^*, Harijot Singh Bindra, Ronan A.R. van der Zee, Bram Nauta

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

10 Citations (Scopus)

799 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Crystal oscillators can be started up quickly by using energy injection techniques. However, the generation of the injection waveform, as well as driving the large capacitive load formed by the crystal, costs a large amount of energy. This article applies the concept of stepwise charging to reduce the energy required to drive the crystal. The energy required to generate the injection waveform by self-timed injection is reduced by using a discrete-time dynamic-bias comparator which uses a simple offset calibration method. Furthermore, the bridge switch resistance is varied dynamically through self-timed control logic to alleviate the accuracy-speed tradeoff. A prototype was manufactured in a 65-nm (triple-well) CMOS technology, which was tested with various crystals ranging from 24 to 50 MHz, improving upon the state of the art in energy consumption.

Original language	English
Article number	9373983
Pages (from-to)	2427-2437
Number of pages	11
Journal	IEEE journal of solid-state circuits
Volume	56
Issue number	8
Early online date	9 Mar 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2021.3061032
Publication status	Published - Aug 2021

Keywords

Capacitive load
Capacitors
Crystals
Energy consumption
Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT)
Load modeling
Oscillators
Switches
crystal oscillators
duty cycling
energy injection
low power
startup energy
startup time
stepwise charging.

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10.1109/JSSC.2021.3061032

Lechevallier_JSSC2021_accepted_author_versionAccepted author version, 1.59 MB

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title = "Energy Efficient Start-up of Crystal Oscillators using Stepwise Charging",

abstract = "Crystal oscillators can be started up quickly by using energy injection techniques. However, the generation of the injection waveform, as well as driving the large capacitive load formed by the crystal, costs a large amount of energy. This article applies the concept of stepwise charging to reduce the energy required to drive the crystal. The energy required to generate the injection waveform by self-timed injection is reduced by using a discrete-time dynamic-bias comparator which uses a simple offset calibration method. Furthermore, the bridge switch resistance is varied dynamically through self-timed control logic to alleviate the accuracy-speed tradeoff. A prototype was manufactured in a 65-nm (triple-well) CMOS technology, which was tested with various crystals ranging from 24 to 50 MHz, improving upon the state of the art in energy consumption. ",

keywords = "Capacitive load, Capacitors, Crystals, Energy consumption, Internet of Things, Internet of Things (IoT), Load modeling, Oscillators, Switches, crystal oscillators, duty cycling, energy injection, low power, startup energy, startup time, stepwise charging.",

author = "Lechevallier, {Joeri B.} and Bindra, {Harijot Singh} and {van der Zee}, {Ronan A.R.} and Bram Nauta",

note = "Funding Information: Manuscript received September 16, 2020; revised November 29, 2020 and January 27, 2021; accepted February 15, 2021. Date of publication March 9, 2021; date of current version July 23, 2021. This article was approved by Associate Editor Danielle Griffith. This work was supported by STW, the Dutch Technology Foundation, under Project 13769. (Corresponding author: Ronan A. R. van der Zee.) The authors are with the Integrated Circuit Design Group, University of Twente, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 1966-2012 IEEE.",

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N1 - Funding Information: Manuscript received September 16, 2020; revised November 29, 2020 and January 27, 2021; accepted February 15, 2021. Date of publication March 9, 2021; date of current version July 23, 2021. This article was approved by Associate Editor Danielle Griffith. This work was supported by STW, the Dutch Technology Foundation, under Project 13769. (Corresponding author: Ronan A. R. van der Zee.) The authors are with the Integrated Circuit Design Group, University of Twente, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). Publisher Copyright: © 1966-2012 IEEE.

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N2 - Crystal oscillators can be started up quickly by using energy injection techniques. However, the generation of the injection waveform, as well as driving the large capacitive load formed by the crystal, costs a large amount of energy. This article applies the concept of stepwise charging to reduce the energy required to drive the crystal. The energy required to generate the injection waveform by self-timed injection is reduced by using a discrete-time dynamic-bias comparator which uses a simple offset calibration method. Furthermore, the bridge switch resistance is varied dynamically through self-timed control logic to alleviate the accuracy-speed tradeoff. A prototype was manufactured in a 65-nm (triple-well) CMOS technology, which was tested with various crystals ranging from 24 to 50 MHz, improving upon the state of the art in energy consumption.

AB - Crystal oscillators can be started up quickly by using energy injection techniques. However, the generation of the injection waveform, as well as driving the large capacitive load formed by the crystal, costs a large amount of energy. This article applies the concept of stepwise charging to reduce the energy required to drive the crystal. The energy required to generate the injection waveform by self-timed injection is reduced by using a discrete-time dynamic-bias comparator which uses a simple offset calibration method. Furthermore, the bridge switch resistance is varied dynamically through self-timed control logic to alleviate the accuracy-speed tradeoff. A prototype was manufactured in a 65-nm (triple-well) CMOS technology, which was tested with various crystals ranging from 24 to 50 MHz, improving upon the state of the art in energy consumption.

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Energy Efficient Start-up of Crystal Oscillators using Stepwise Charging

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Keywords

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Crystal Oscillator Circuit and Method of Operation

Fast & Energy Efficient Start-Up of Crystal Oscillators by Self-Timed Energy Injection

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