Estimating exergy prices for energy carriers in heating systems: country analyses of exergy substitution with capital expenditures

Exergy represents the ability of an energy carrier to perform work and can be seen as a core indicator for measuring its quality. In this article we postulate that energy prices reflect the exergy content of the underlying energy carrier and that capital expenditures can substitute for exergy to some degree.

We draw our line of argumentation from cost and technology data for heating systems of four European countries: Austria, Finland, The Netherlands, and Sweden. Firstly, this paper shows that the overall consumer costs for different heating options, widely installed in those countries, are in the same range. In this analysis we derived an overall standard deviation of about 8%. Secondly, additional analysis demonstrates that the share of capital costs on total heating cost increases with lower exergy input. Based on the data used in this analysis, we conclude that for the case of modern cost effective heating systems the substitution rate between exergy and capital is in the vicinity of 2/3. This means that by reducing the average specific exergy input of the applied energy carriers by one unit, the share of capital costs on the total costs increases by 2/3 of a unit.

Highlights
► Heating systems (HS), which widely installed are on an similar price level. ► A standard deviation for total heating costs of about 8% has been determined. ► Prices of energy carriers used for heating reflect their exergy content. ► Capital expenditures can substitute for exergy inputs to some degree. ► For HS a capital-expenditure-to-exergy substitution rate of 64% has been determined.