Abstract
This study builds on our previous systematic literature review (SLR) that assessed the applications and performance of zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and Bulletproof non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocols. To address the identified research gaps, we designed and implemented a benchmark comparing these three protocols using a dynamic minimized multiplicative complexity (MiMC) hash application. We evaluated performance across four general-purpose programming libraries and two programming languages. Our results show that zk-SNARK produced the smallest proofs, while zk-STARK generated the largest. In terms of proof generation and verification times, zk-STARK was the fastest, and Bulletproof was the slowest. Interestingly, zk-SNARK proofs verified marginally faster than zk-STARK, contrary to other findings. These insights enhance our understanding of the functionality, security, and performance of NIZKP protocols, providing valuable guidance for selecting the most suitable protocol for specific applications.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 463 |
| Number of pages | 43 |
| Journal | Information (Switzerland) |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue number | 8 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Aug 2024 |
Keywords
- Authentication performance
- Bulletproof
- Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof
- Privacy-preserving
- zk-SNARK
- zk-STARK
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