TY - JOUR
T1 - HEART
T2 - Hybrid Memory and Energy-Aware Real-Time Scheduling for Multi-Processor Systems
AU - Günzel, Mario
AU - Hakert, Christian
AU - Chen, Kuan Hsun
AU - Chen, Jian Jia
N1 - Funding Information:
This article appears as part of the ESWEEK-TECS special issue and was presented in the International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT). This work has been supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), as part of Sus-Aware (Project No. 398602212) and as part of OneMemory (Project No. 405422836). This result is part of a project (PropRT) that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 865170). Authors’ address: M. Günzel, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, and J.-J. Chen, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany; emails: {mario.guenzel, christian.hakert, kuan-hsun.chen}@tu-dortmund.de, [email protected]. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. © 2021 Association for Computing Machinery. 1539-9087/2021/09-ART88 $15.00 https://doi.org/10.1145/3477019
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Association for Computing Machinery.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Dynamic power management (DPM) reduces the power consumption of a computing system when it idles, by switching the system into a low power state for hibernation. When all processors in the system share the same component, e.g., a shared memory, powering off this component during hibernation is only possible when all processors idle at the same time. For a real-time system, the schedulability property has to be guaranteed on every processor, especially if idle intervals are considered to be actively introduced.In this work, we consider real-time systems with hybrid shared-memory architectures, which consist of shared volatile memory (VM) and non-volatile memory (NVM). Energy-efficient execution is achieved by applying DPM to turn off all memories during the hibernation mode. Towards this, we first explore the hybrid memory architectures and suggest a task model, which features configurable hibernation overheads. We propose a multi-processor procrastination algorithm (HEART), based on partitioned earliest-deadline-first (pEDF) scheduling. Our algorithm facilitates reducing the energy consumption by actively enlarging the hibernation time. It enforces all processors to idle simultaneously without violating the schedulability condition, such that the system can enter the hibernation state, where shared memories are turned off. Throughout extensive evaluation of HEART, we demonstrate (1) the increase in potential hibernation time, respectively the decrease in energy consumption, and (2) that our algorithm is not only more general but also has better performance than the state of the art with respect to energy efficiency in most cases.
AB - Dynamic power management (DPM) reduces the power consumption of a computing system when it idles, by switching the system into a low power state for hibernation. When all processors in the system share the same component, e.g., a shared memory, powering off this component during hibernation is only possible when all processors idle at the same time. For a real-time system, the schedulability property has to be guaranteed on every processor, especially if idle intervals are considered to be actively introduced.In this work, we consider real-time systems with hybrid shared-memory architectures, which consist of shared volatile memory (VM) and non-volatile memory (NVM). Energy-efficient execution is achieved by applying DPM to turn off all memories during the hibernation mode. Towards this, we first explore the hybrid memory architectures and suggest a task model, which features configurable hibernation overheads. We propose a multi-processor procrastination algorithm (HEART), based on partitioned earliest-deadline-first (pEDF) scheduling. Our algorithm facilitates reducing the energy consumption by actively enlarging the hibernation time. It enforces all processors to idle simultaneously without violating the schedulability condition, such that the system can enter the hibernation state, where shared memories are turned off. Throughout extensive evaluation of HEART, we demonstrate (1) the increase in potential hibernation time, respectively the decrease in energy consumption, and (2) that our algorithm is not only more general but also has better performance than the state of the art with respect to energy efficiency in most cases.
KW - Dynamic power management
KW - Hybrid memory architecture
KW - Multi-processor
KW - Non-volatile memory
KW - Normally-off computing
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85115881868&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1145/3477019
DO - 10.1145/3477019
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85115881868
SN - 1539-9087
VL - 20
JO - ACM transactions on embedded computing systems
JF - ACM transactions on embedded computing systems
IS - 5s
M1 - 88
ER -