Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation

Luciano Zembruzki; Raffaele Sommese; Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville; Arthur Selle Jabocs; Mattijs Jonker; Giovane Moura

doi:10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation

Luciano Zembruzki, Raffaele Sommese, Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville, Arthur Selle Jabocs, Mattijs Jonker, Giovane Moura

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › Academic › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

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Abstract

There have been growing concerns about the concentration and centralization of Internet infrastructure. In this work, we scrutinize the hosting industry on the Internet by using active measurements, covering 19 Top-Level Domains (TLDs). We show how the market is heavily concentrated: 1/3 of the domains are hosted by only 5 hosting providers, all US-based companies. For the country-code TLDs (ccTLDs), however, hosting is primarily done by local, national hosting providers and not by the large American cloud and content providers. We show how shared languages (and borders) shape the hosting market — German hosting companies have a notable presence in Austrian and Swiss markets, given they all share German as official language. While hosting concentration has been relatively high and stable over the past four years, we see that American hosting companies have been continuously increasing their presence in the market related to high traffic, popular domains within ccTLDs — except for Russia, notably.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022
Subtitle of host publication	Network and Service Management in the Era of Cloudification, Softwarization and Artificial Intelligence, NOMS 2022
Editors	Pal Varga, Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville, Alex Galis, Istvan Godor, Noura Limam, Prosper Chemouil, Jerome Francois, Marc-Oliver Pahl
Pages	1-9
Number of pages	9
ISBN (Electronic)	978-1-6654-0601-7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881
Publication status	Published - 9 Jun 2022
Event	IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2022 - Budapest, Hungary Duration: 25 Apr 2022 → 29 Apr 2022 https://noms2022.ieee-noms.org/

Conference

Conference	IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2022
Abbreviated title	NOMS 2022
Country/Territory	Hungary
City	Budapest
Period	25/04/22 → 29/04/22
Internet address	https://noms2022.ieee-noms.org/

Keywords

22/4 OA procedure

Access to Document

10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

10.1109_noms54207.2022.9789881Final published version, 1.03 MBLicence: Taverne

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Zembruzki, L., Sommese, R., Granville, L. Z., Selle Jabocs, A., Jonker, M., & Moura, G. (2022). Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation. In P. Varga, L. Z. Granville, A. Galis, I. Godor, N. Limam, P. Chemouil, J. Francois, & M-O. Pahl (Eds.), Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022: Network and Service Management in the Era of Cloudification, Softwarization and Artificial Intelligence, NOMS 2022 (pp. 1-9) https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

Zembruzki, Luciano ; Sommese, Raffaele ; Granville, Lisandro Zambenedetti et al. / Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation. Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022: Network and Service Management in the Era of Cloudification, Softwarization and Artificial Intelligence, NOMS 2022. editor / Pal Varga ; Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville ; Alex Galis ; Istvan Godor ; Noura Limam ; Prosper Chemouil ; Jerome Francois ; Marc-Oliver Pahl. 2022. pp. 1-9

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abstract = "There have been growing concerns about the concentration and centralization of Internet infrastructure. In this work, we scrutinize the hosting industry on the Internet by using active measurements, covering 19 Top-Level Domains (TLDs). We show how the market is heavily concentrated: 1/3 of the domains are hosted by only 5 hosting providers, all US-based companies. For the country-code TLDs (ccTLDs), however, hosting is primarily done by local, national hosting providers and not by the large American cloud and content providers. We show how shared languages (and borders) shape the hosting market — German hosting companies have a notable presence in Austrian and Swiss markets, given they all share German as official language. While hosting concentration has been relatively high and stable over the past four years, we see that American hosting companies have been continuously increasing their presence in the market related to high traffic, popular domains within ccTLDs — except for Russia, notably.",

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author = "Luciano Zembruzki and Raffaele Sommese and Granville, {Lisandro Zambenedetti} and {Selle Jabocs}, Arthur and Mattijs Jonker and Giovane Moura",

note = "Funding Information: We thank our reviewers for their constructive suggestions and feedback. Funding for this work was provided in part by Capes PHD scholarship number 88887.480774/2020-00, the EU H2020 CONCORDIA project (830927) and the NWODHS MADDVIPR project (628.001.031/FA8750-19-2-0004). This research used data from OpenINTEL,a project of the University of Twente, SURF, SIDN, and NLnet Labs. Funding Information: We thank our reviewers for their constructive suggestions and feedback. Funding for this work was provided in part by Capes PHD scholarship number 88887.480774/2020-00, the EU H2020 CONCORDIA project (830927) and the NWO-DHS MADDVIPR project (628.001.031/FA8750-19-2-0004). This research used data from OpenINTEL,a project of the University of Twente, SURF, SIDN, and NLnet Labs. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 IEEE.; IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2022, NOMS 2022 ; Conference date: 25-04-2022 Through 29-04-2022",

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Zembruzki, L, Sommese, R, Granville, LZ, Selle Jabocs, A, Jonker, M & Moura, G 2022, Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation. in P Varga, LZ Granville, A Galis, I Godor, N Limam, P Chemouil, J Francois & M-O Pahl (eds), Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022: Network and Service Management in the Era of Cloudification, Softwarization and Artificial Intelligence, NOMS 2022. pp. 1-9, IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2022, Budapest, Hungary, 25/04/22. https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation. / Zembruzki, Luciano; Sommese, Raffaele; Granville, Lisandro Zambenedetti et al.

Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022: Network and Service Management in the Era of Cloudification, Softwarization and Artificial Intelligence, NOMS 2022. ed. / Pal Varga; Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville; Alex Galis; Istvan Godor; Noura Limam; Prosper Chemouil; Jerome Francois; Marc-Oliver Pahl. 2022. p. 1-9.

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › Academic › peer-review

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AU - Sommese, Raffaele

AU - Granville, Lisandro Zambenedetti

AU - Selle Jabocs, Arthur

AU - Jonker, Mattijs

AU - Moura, Giovane

N1 - Funding Information: We thank our reviewers for their constructive suggestions and feedback. Funding for this work was provided in part by Capes PHD scholarship number 88887.480774/2020-00, the EU H2020 CONCORDIA project (830927) and the NWODHS MADDVIPR project (628.001.031/FA8750-19-2-0004). This research used data from OpenINTEL,a project of the University of Twente, SURF, SIDN, and NLnet Labs. Funding Information: We thank our reviewers for their constructive suggestions and feedback. Funding for this work was provided in part by Capes PHD scholarship number 88887.480774/2020-00, the EU H2020 CONCORDIA project (830927) and the NWO-DHS MADDVIPR project (628.001.031/FA8750-19-2-0004). This research used data from OpenINTEL,a project of the University of Twente, SURF, SIDN, and NLnet Labs. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 IEEE.

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N2 - There have been growing concerns about the concentration and centralization of Internet infrastructure. In this work, we scrutinize the hosting industry on the Internet by using active measurements, covering 19 Top-Level Domains (TLDs). We show how the market is heavily concentrated: 1/3 of the domains are hosted by only 5 hosting providers, all US-based companies. For the country-code TLDs (ccTLDs), however, hosting is primarily done by local, national hosting providers and not by the large American cloud and content providers. We show how shared languages (and borders) shape the hosting market — German hosting companies have a notable presence in Austrian and Swiss markets, given they all share German as official language. While hosting concentration has been relatively high and stable over the past four years, we see that American hosting companies have been continuously increasing their presence in the market related to high traffic, popular domains within ccTLDs — except for Russia, notably.

AB - There have been growing concerns about the concentration and centralization of Internet infrastructure. In this work, we scrutinize the hosting industry on the Internet by using active measurements, covering 19 Top-Level Domains (TLDs). We show how the market is heavily concentrated: 1/3 of the domains are hosted by only 5 hosting providers, all US-based companies. For the country-code TLDs (ccTLDs), however, hosting is primarily done by local, national hosting providers and not by the large American cloud and content providers. We show how shared languages (and borders) shape the hosting market — German hosting companies have a notable presence in Austrian and Swiss markets, given they all share German as official language. While hosting concentration has been relatively high and stable over the past four years, we see that American hosting companies have been continuously increasing their presence in the market related to high traffic, popular domains within ccTLDs — except for Russia, notably.

KW - 22/4 OA procedure

U2 - 10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

DO - 10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

M3 - Conference contribution

SP - 1

EP - 9

BT - Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022

A2 - Varga, Pal

A2 - Granville, Lisandro Zambenedetti

A2 - Galis, Alex

A2 - Godor, Istvan

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A2 - Chemouil, Prosper

A2 - Francois, Jerome

A2 - Pahl, Marc-Oliver

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Zembruzki L, Sommese R, Granville LZ, Selle Jabocs A, Jonker M, Moura G. Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation. In Varga P, Granville LZ, Galis A, Godor I, Limam N, Chemouil P, Francois J, Pahl M-O, editors, Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022: Network and Service Management in the Era of Cloudification, Softwarization and Artificial Intelligence, NOMS 2022. 2022. p. 1-9 doi: 10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881

Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation

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