TY - GEN
T1 - Hosting Industry Centralization and Consolidation
AU - Zembruzki, Luciano
AU - Sommese, Raffaele
AU - Granville, Lisandro Zambenedetti
AU - Selle Jabocs, Arthur
AU - Jonker, Mattijs
AU - Moura, Giovane
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank our reviewers for their constructive suggestions and feedback. Funding for this work was provided in part by Capes PHD scholarship number 88887.480774/2020-00, the EU H2020 CONCORDIA project (830927) and the NWODHS MADDVIPR project (628.001.031/FA8750-19-2-0004). This research used data from OpenINTEL,a project of the University of Twente, SURF, SIDN, and NLnet Labs.
Funding Information:
We thank our reviewers for their constructive suggestions and feedback. Funding for this work was provided in part by Capes PHD scholarship number 88887.480774/2020-00, the EU H2020 CONCORDIA project (830927) and the NWO-DHS MADDVIPR project (628.001.031/FA8750-19-2-0004). This research used data from OpenINTEL,a project of the University of Twente, SURF, SIDN, and NLnet Labs.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 IEEE.
PY - 2022/6/9
Y1 - 2022/6/9
N2 - There have been growing concerns about the concentration and centralization of Internet infrastructure. In this work, we scrutinize the hosting industry on the Internet by using active measurements, covering 19 Top-Level Domains (TLDs). We show how the market is heavily concentrated: 1/3 of the domains are hosted by only 5 hosting providers, all US-based companies. For the country-code TLDs (ccTLDs), however, hosting is primarily done by local, national hosting providers and not by the large American cloud and content providers. We show how shared languages (and borders) shape the hosting market — German hosting companies have a notable presence in Austrian and Swiss markets, given they all share German as official language. While hosting concentration has been relatively high and stable over the past four years, we see that American hosting companies have been continuously increasing their presence in the market related to high traffic, popular domains within ccTLDs — except for Russia, notably.
AB - There have been growing concerns about the concentration and centralization of Internet infrastructure. In this work, we scrutinize the hosting industry on the Internet by using active measurements, covering 19 Top-Level Domains (TLDs). We show how the market is heavily concentrated: 1/3 of the domains are hosted by only 5 hosting providers, all US-based companies. For the country-code TLDs (ccTLDs), however, hosting is primarily done by local, national hosting providers and not by the large American cloud and content providers. We show how shared languages (and borders) shape the hosting market — German hosting companies have a notable presence in Austrian and Swiss markets, given they all share German as official language. While hosting concentration has been relatively high and stable over the past four years, we see that American hosting companies have been continuously increasing their presence in the market related to high traffic, popular domains within ccTLDs — except for Russia, notably.
KW - 22/4 OA procedure
U2 - 10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881
DO - 10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789881
M3 - Conference contribution
SP - 1
EP - 9
BT - Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2022
A2 - Varga, Pal
A2 - Granville, Lisandro Zambenedetti
A2 - Galis, Alex
A2 - Godor, Istvan
A2 - Limam, Noura
A2 - Chemouil, Prosper
A2 - Francois, Jerome
A2 - Pahl, Marc-Oliver
T2 - IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2022
Y2 - 25 April 2022 through 29 April 2022
ER -