Impacts from low-frequency, high-consequence volcanic eruptions (e.g., calderaforming VEI 7–8 events and large igneous provinces)

This chapter addresses the potential impacts and catastrophic risk posed by explosive caldera-forming eruptions (VEI 7–8) and flood basalt volcanism associated with large igneous provinces (LIPs). The potential consequences include climate disruption, destruction of many thousands of square kilometres around the vent, systemic risks to globally-connected critical infrastructure, and cascading socio-economic crises. A key contribution of the chapter is linking understanding of past events, with current risk assessment, disaster risk reduction, and need for development and maintenance of international policy and coordination.