Improving the Performance of Multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Ambiguity Fixing for Airborne Kinematic Positioning over Antarctica

Aerosol properties over the Arctic snow-covered regions are sparsely provided by temporal and spatially limited in situ measurements or active Lidar observations. This introduces large uncertainties for the understanding of aerosol effects on Arctic climate change. In this paper, aerosol optical depth (AOD) is derived using the advanced along-track scanning radiometer (AATSR) instrument. The basic idea is to utilize the dual-viewing observation capability of AATSR to reduce the impacts of AOD uncertainties introduced by the absolute wavelength-dependent error on surface reflectance estimation. AOD is derived assuming that the satellite observed surface reflectance ratio can be well characterized by a snow bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model with a certain correction direct from satellite top of the atmosphere (TOA) observation. The aerosol types include an Arctic haze aerosol obtained from campaign measurement and Arctic background aerosol (maritime aerosol) types. The proper aerosol type is selected during the iteration step based on the minimization residual. The algorithm has been used over Spitsbergen for the spring period (April-May) and the AOD spatial distribution indicates that the retrieval AOD can capture the Arctic haze event. The comparison with AERONET observations shows promising results, with a correlation coeficient R = 0.70. The time series analysis shows no systematical biases between AATSR retrieved AOD and AERONET observed ones.