@article{c59fafea9d094e1cb5ceb87bb1c57672,
title = "Influence of solution composition on fouling of anion exchange membranes desalinating polymer-flooding produced water",
abstract = "Hypothesis: Anion exchange membranes (AEMS) are particularly prone to fouling when employed to desalinate polymer flooding produced water (PFPW), an abundant sub-product from the oil and gas industry. The formation of fouling on an AEM will be affected by the composition of the solution, which includes various dissolved salts, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), crude oil, and surfactants. Experiments: Electrodialysis experiments were performed to desalinate feed solutions with different compositions, aiming to distinguish between their individual and combined effects. The solutions contained diverse mono- and divalent ions. The analysis included data collected during the desalination and characterization of the fouled AEMs by diverse analytical techniques. Findings: HPAM produced the most severe effects in terms of visible fouling and increase of resistance. This polyelectrolyte fouls the AEM by adsorbing on its surface and by forming a viscous gel layer that hampers the replenishment of ions from the bulk solution. Ca and Mg have a large influence on the formation of thick HPAM gel layers, while the oily compounds have only a minimal influence acting mainly as a destabilizing agent. The membranes also presented scaling consisting of calcium precipitates. The effects of the gel layer were minimized by applying current reversal and foulant-free solution.",
keywords = "Concentration polarization, Crude oil, Electrodialysis, Gel layer, Membrane fouling, Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, Polyelectrolyte, Polymer-flooding produced water",
author = "Sosa-Fernandez, {P. A.} and Miedema, {S. J.} and H. Bruning and Leermakers, {F. A.M.} and Rijnaarts, {H. H.M.} and Post, {J. W.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was performed in the cooperation framework of Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (www.wetsus.nl). Wetsus is co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Frysl{\^a}n, and the Northern Netherlands Provinces. This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie grant agreement No 665874. We are grateful to the participants of the research theme “Desalination” for fruitful discussions and financial support. The authors also would like to thank Mr. Diego Pintossi for his aid programming the experimental protocol in the Autolab software, as well as to Mr. David Lewis for the English language correction of the manuscript. Funding Information: This work was performed in the cooperation framework of Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology ( www.wetsus.nl ). Wetsus is co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment , the European Union Regional Development Fund , the Province of Frysl{\^a}n, and the Northern Netherlands Provinces . This research has received funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie grant agreement No 665874. We are grateful to the participants of the research theme “Desalination” for fruitful discussions and financial support. The authors also would like to thank Mr. Diego Pintossi for his aid programming the experimental protocol in the Autolab software, as well as to Mr. David Lewis for the English language correction of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Author(s)",
year = "2019",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.029",
language = "English",
volume = "557",
pages = "381--394",
journal = "Journal of colloid and interface science",
issn = "0021-9797",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
}
