Integrated Multiscale Modeling of Solid Oxide Electrodes, Cells, Stacks, and Systems

An integrated multiscale multiphysics framework to model solid oxide electrochemical cell systems is discussed. The framework directly couples electrode, single cell, stack, and system models using a hierarchical approach with minimal loss of information across the scales. The success of the model framework in better understanding solid oxide cells at the microscale and the industrial scale showcases it as a powerful tool for the rational design and upscaling of novel lab-scale materials and devices for next-generation chemical and electrochemical technologies.