Is Technology the Answer to Universal Energy Access?

Despite the concerted efforts to provide electricity through the deployment of distributed renewable energy-based technologies, the sustainability of these infrastructures remains uncertain. One plausible explanation is the inadequate operation and maintenance strategy throughout the system's lifetime. This paper describes the progress of rural electrification to address electrification challenges in remote rural areas and the failures that occurred. Data on the operational status of several off-grid solar systems in various countries are presented. The most recent reports on the subject were reviewed and critical sustainability concerns surrounding the topic were assessed. The paper concludes with an argument that while technology is a main ingredient in achieving universal energy access, there are nontechnical aspects to consider to ensure the sustainability of the technology.