@article{d781e965818a4d5e851c0e9922d29a22,
title = "Minotaurs, Not Centaurs: The Future of Manned-Unmanned Teaming",
abstract = "Contesting Paul Scharre{\textquoteright}s influential vision of “centaur warfighting” and the idea that autonomous weapon systems will replace human warfighters, this article proposes that the manned-unmanned teams of the future are more likely to be minotaurs, teams of humans under the control, supervision, or command of artificial intelligence. It examines the likely composition of the future force and prompts a necessary conversation about the ethical issues raised by minotaur warfighting.",
keywords = "Autonomous weapon systems, Centaur warfighting, Ethics, Future force, Manned-unmanned teaming, 2023 OA procedure",
author = "Sparrow, {Robert J.} and Adam Henschke",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments: Robert Sparrow is an associate investigator in the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-making and Society (CE200100005) and contributed to this paper in that role. Adam Henschke{\textquoteright}s contribution was supported by the research program Ethics of Socially Disruptive Technologies, which is funded through the gravitation program of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant number 024.004.031). The authors would like to thank Tom Drummond for comments and discussion that have improved the paper. Joshua Hatherley assisted with bibliographic research for the paper. 1. Paul Scharre, “Centaur Warfighting: The False Choice of Humans vs. Automation,” Temple International & Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 151–65; and see also Paul Scharre, Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2018). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 Robert J. Sparrow and Adam Henschke.",
year = "2023",
month = mar,
day = "1",
doi = "10.55540/0031-1723.3207",
language = "English",
volume = "53",
pages = "115--130",
journal = "Parameters",
issn = "0031-1723",
publisher = "U.S. Army War College",
number = "1",
}