Mixing in manipulated turbulence

A numerical investigation of turbulent flow, subject to deterministic broad-band forcing, is presented. Explicit forcing procedures are included that represent the simultaneous agitation of a wide spectrum of length-scales, including both large scales as well as a band of much smaller scales. Such forcing induces a multiscale modulation of turbulent flow that is motivated by flow through complex objects and along irregular boundaries. Two types of forcing procedures are investigated; with reference to the collection of forced modes these procedures are classified as ‘constant-energy’ or ‘constant-energy-input-rate’. It is found that a considerable modulation of the traditional energy cascading can be introduced with a specific forcing strategy. In spectral space, forcing yields strongly localized deviations from the common Kolmogorov scaling law, directly associated with the explicitly forced scales. In addition, the accumulated effect of forcing induces a significant non-local alteration of the kinetic energy including the spectrum for the large scales. Consequently, a manipulation of turbulent flow can be achieved over an extended range, well beyond the directly forced scales. Compared to flow forced in the large scales only, the energy in broad-band forced turbulence is found to be transferred more effectively to smaller scales. The turbulent mixing of a passive scalar field is also investigated, in order to quantify the physical-space modifications of transport processes in multiscale forced turbulence. The surface-area and wrinkling of level-sets of the scalar field are monitored as measures of the influence of explicit forcing on the local and global mixing efficiency. At small Schmidt numbers, the values of surface-area are mainly governed by the large scale sweeping-effect of the flow while the wrinkling is influenced mainly by the agitation of the smaller scales.