Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications

Khalil Ben Fredj; Geert Heijenk; Yanqiu Huang

doi:10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198

Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › Academic › peer-review

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Abstract

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers a cost-efficient approach for enabling Bicycle-to-Everything (B2X) wireless communications. However, a fundamental constraint of BLE devices is their inability to transmit and scan at the same time, resulting in blind periods that negatively impact key performance metrics in B2X communications. In this paper, we propose a Discrete-Time Markov Chain model to evaluate how BLE parameter configurations influence two essential performance metrics: message delivery ratio and discovery latency. Cross-validated by simulation results, our proposed model serves as an effective tool for optimizing BLE parameter settings to satisfy application demands in dynamic B2X scenarios.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference
Editors	Ana Aguiar, Takamasa Higuchi, Susana Sargento, Alexey Vinel, Agon Memedi
Publisher	IEEE
ISBN (Electronic)	979-8-3315-2437-1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198
Publication status	Published - 2 Jul 2025
Event	16th IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, VNC 2025 - Porto, Portugal Duration: 2 Jun 2025 → 4 Jun 2025 Conference number: 16 https://vnc2025.ieee-vnc.org/

Publication series

Name	2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)
Publisher	IEEE
ISSN (Print)	2157-9857
ISSN (Electronic)	2157-9865

Conference

Conference	16th IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, VNC 2025
Abbreviated title	VNC 2025
Country/Territory	Portugal
City	Porto
Period	2/06/25 → 4/06/25
Internet address	https://vnc2025.ieee-vnc.org/

Keywords

BLE
B2X wireless communication

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10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198

Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X CommunicationsAccepted author version, 1.74 MB

Cite this

@inproceedings{36a92d04974b4a1da49fc29b538083c6,

title = "Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications",

abstract = "Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers a cost-efficient approach for enabling Bicycle-to-Everything (B2X) wireless communications. However, a fundamental constraint of BLE devices is their inability to transmit and scan at the same time, resulting in blind periods that negatively impact key performance metrics in B2X communications. In this paper, we propose a Discrete-Time Markov Chain model to evaluate how BLE parameter configurations influence two essential performance metrics: message delivery ratio and discovery latency. Cross-validated by simulation results, our proposed model serves as an effective tool for optimizing BLE parameter settings to satisfy application demands in dynamic B2X scenarios.",

keywords = "BLE, B2X wireless communication",

author = "\{Ben Fredj\}, Khalil and Geert Heijenk and Yanqiu Huang",

year = "2025",

month = jul,

day = "2",

doi = "10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198",

language = "English",

series = "2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)",

publisher = "IEEE",

editor = "Ana Aguiar and Takamasa Higuchi and Susana Sargento and Alexey Vinel and Agon Memedi",

booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference",

address = "United States",

note = "16th IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, VNC 2025, VNC 2025 ; Conference date: 02-06-2025 Through 04-06-2025",

url = "https://vnc2025.ieee-vnc.org/",

}

Ben Fredj, K , Heijenk, G & Huang, Y 2025, Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications. in A Aguiar, T Higuchi, S Sargento, A Vinel & A Memedi (eds), IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference. 2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), IEEE, 16th IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, VNC 2025, Porto, Portugal, 2/06/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198

Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications. / Ben Fredj, Khalil ; Heijenk, Geert ; Huang, Yanqiu.
IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference. ed. / Ana Aguiar; Takamasa Higuchi; Susana Sargento; Alexey Vinel; Agon Memedi. IEEE, 2025. (2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › Academic › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications

AU - Ben Fredj, Khalil

AU - Heijenk, Geert

AU - Huang, Yanqiu

N1 - Conference code: 16

PY - 2025/7/2

Y1 - 2025/7/2

N2 - Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers a cost-efficient approach for enabling Bicycle-to-Everything (B2X) wireless communications. However, a fundamental constraint of BLE devices is their inability to transmit and scan at the same time, resulting in blind periods that negatively impact key performance metrics in B2X communications. In this paper, we propose a Discrete-Time Markov Chain model to evaluate how BLE parameter configurations influence two essential performance metrics: message delivery ratio and discovery latency. Cross-validated by simulation results, our proposed model serves as an effective tool for optimizing BLE parameter settings to satisfy application demands in dynamic B2X scenarios.

AB - Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers a cost-efficient approach for enabling Bicycle-to-Everything (B2X) wireless communications. However, a fundamental constraint of BLE devices is their inability to transmit and scan at the same time, resulting in blind periods that negatively impact key performance metrics in B2X communications. In this paper, we propose a Discrete-Time Markov Chain model to evaluate how BLE parameter configurations influence two essential performance metrics: message delivery ratio and discovery latency. Cross-validated by simulation results, our proposed model serves as an effective tool for optimizing BLE parameter settings to satisfy application demands in dynamic B2X scenarios.

KW - BLE

KW - B2X wireless communication

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010775531

U2 - 10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198

DO - 10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054198

M3 - Conference contribution

T3 - 2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

BT - IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference

A2 - Aguiar, Ana

A2 - Higuchi, Takamasa

A2 - Sargento, Susana

A2 - Vinel, Alexey

A2 - Memedi, Agon

PB - IEEE

T2 - 16th IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, VNC 2025

Y2 - 2 June 2025 through 4 June 2025

ER -

Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Keywords

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Best Presentation Award

Cite this

Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Prizes

Best Presentation Award

Cite this