Modelling effects of changes in travel time and costs of toll road usage on choices for residential location, route and travel mode across population segments in the Jakarta-Bandung region, Indonesia

This paper provides insight into how variations in Level of Service (LoS) of a toll road, socio-economic attributes, and latent factors simultaneously affect residential location, route, and mode choices across population segments in the Jakarta – Bandung region in Indonesia. Three discrete choice models were developed based on a stated-revealed preference survey on residential location, route, and mode choices. Our analysis shows that toll road usage affects both residential location preferences and travel behaviour. This influence varies across income groups and used travel mode and also depends on trip characteristics. Overall, the respondents in our survey prefer toll road options, as also shown by positive attitudes towards the toll road, except for low-income respondents and bus users. Furthermore, we found a significant association between residential location preference and route and mode choices for frequent users of the toll road, low-income respondents and residents who live close to the toll road. It means that self-selection exists between residential location choice and mode-route choice, and it is linked to the distance to the toll gate and frequency of using the toll road. Furthermore, we found that high-income car users are the most sensitive to increased travel costs.