Multi-objective optimization of multimodal transportation networks: Interpretation of the Pareto set from a case study in Amsterdam. (online)

We define the optimization of infrastructure planning in a multimodal network context as a multi-objective network design problem, rather than evaluating a pre-defined set of network scenarios. This provides insight into the extent to which facilitating better transfers between modes can contribute to various aspects of sustainability, namely accessibility, operation subsidies, use of urban space and climate impact. For a real life case study the Pareto set is estimated by a genetic algorithm, showing that minimizing the use of urban space clearly competes with minimizing operations subsidies. Furthermore, travel time and climate impact are rather in line with each other. Finally it is shown that the Pareto set is strongly influenced by the frequency of one specific train line, indicating that increasing line frequency more effective than opening new park and ride facilities or new train stations.