Nanocomposite biomaterials made by 3D printing: Achievements and challenges

3D printing is the best way to the computerized manufacture of complex geometries for advanced technologies. Because of precise dimension and shape of 3D-printed objects, design criteria are meticulously optimized in 3D printing processes. Nevertheless, achieving 3D printable polymers has always been associated with the consequence of poor mechanical properties, which necessitated the use of reinforcing agents. Typically, neat polymers cannot fulfill the final application requirements. The use of nanomaterials enhances polymer properties. Based on final application, materials should be selected carefully to achieve a printable material along with appropriate properties. 3D-printed nanocomposites have been considered in various applications from electronic to biomedical industry. Designing 3D-printed nanocomposites as biomaterials, mainly for medical applications, was the subject of numerous scientific reports. It was recognized that designing appropriate nanocomposites for 3D printing necessitates collecting profound knowledge about materials’ structure and their rheological properties. However, classification of reports on 3D-printed biomaterials for medical application was the subject of a few reports. In this chapter, 3D-printed nanocomposites are reviewed in view of mechanical and rheological properties for biomaterials applications.