Nonlinear joint angle control for artificially stimulated muscle

Designs of both open- and closed-loop controllers of electrically stimulated muscle that explicitly depend on a nonlinear mathematical model of muscle input-output properties are presented and evaluated. The muscle model consists of three factors: a muscle activation dynamics factor, an angle-torque relationship factor, and an angular velocity torque relationship factor. These factors are multiplied to relate output torque to input simulation and joint angle. An experimental method for the determination of the parameters of this model was designed, implemented, and evaluated. An open-loop nonlinear compensator, based upon this model, was tested in an animal model. Its performance in the control of joint angle in the presence of a known load was compared with a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller, and with a combination of the PID controller and the nonlinear compensator. The results are presented