TY - CHAP
T1 - Nutrient management and institutional cooperation as conditions for environmentally safe wastewater irrigation: the case of Hanoi, Vietnam
AU - Evers, J.G.
AU - Huibers, F.P.
AU - van Vliet, Bas J.M.
AU - Dung, N.V.
AU - Van, D.T.H.
PY - 2006
Y1 - 2006
N2 - Hanoi is rapidly growing in population and in economic activities. Increasing volumes of domestic and
industrial wastewater flows are discharged mostly untreated into the drainage system. At downstream
level, these polluted, nutrient rich waters are used for irrigation. Nutrient concentrations in the polluted
waters are high enough to at least partly fulfill crop nutrient requirements. Yet, as farmers also apply
organic and mineral fertilizers total application of nutrients is excessive. This makes irrigated
agriculture a source of pollution where it has the potential of being a step in environmental treatment of
wastewater.
Field research was done in Ðong Du village in the periurban
district Gia Lam in order to define the
conditions for a sustainable and environmentally safe wastewater irrigation system. The main cash crop
in this area is spiny coriander, Eryngium Foetidum (L.). The communal irrigation system takes water
from Cau Bay River, which receives domestic and industrial wastewater effluents. For the main crops
nutrient savings and/or additional nutrient requirements were calculated by a Microsoft Excel based
model. Outcomes were compared with the actual nutrient application by farmers. This showed that, on
average, farmers oversupply nutrients. The large range in nutrient application levels between farmers
makes clear that farmers have low insight in nutrient management.
Rather than water quality, the main problems farmers themselves perceive are related to water quantity,
caused by poor irrigation system design and lack of maintenance. To improve the situation, the
physical infrastructures as well as the management systems related to wastewater and irrigation need to
be developed in a combined effort. It should result in periurban
irrigated agriculture being an integral
part of Hanoi’s urban water management system. With the use of chain theories it is shown that vertical
integration of urban agriculture is needed. A coevolutionary
institutional and technological approach
for developing environmentally safe periurban
agriculture is proposed that deals with both altering
physical flows as well as its supportive urban water management system
AB - Hanoi is rapidly growing in population and in economic activities. Increasing volumes of domestic and
industrial wastewater flows are discharged mostly untreated into the drainage system. At downstream
level, these polluted, nutrient rich waters are used for irrigation. Nutrient concentrations in the polluted
waters are high enough to at least partly fulfill crop nutrient requirements. Yet, as farmers also apply
organic and mineral fertilizers total application of nutrients is excessive. This makes irrigated
agriculture a source of pollution where it has the potential of being a step in environmental treatment of
wastewater.
Field research was done in Ðong Du village in the periurban
district Gia Lam in order to define the
conditions for a sustainable and environmentally safe wastewater irrigation system. The main cash crop
in this area is spiny coriander, Eryngium Foetidum (L.). The communal irrigation system takes water
from Cau Bay River, which receives domestic and industrial wastewater effluents. For the main crops
nutrient savings and/or additional nutrient requirements were calculated by a Microsoft Excel based
model. Outcomes were compared with the actual nutrient application by farmers. This showed that, on
average, farmers oversupply nutrients. The large range in nutrient application levels between farmers
makes clear that farmers have low insight in nutrient management.
Rather than water quality, the main problems farmers themselves perceive are related to water quantity,
caused by poor irrigation system design and lack of maintenance. To improve the situation, the
physical infrastructures as well as the management systems related to wastewater and irrigation need to
be developed in a combined effort. It should result in periurban
irrigated agriculture being an integral
part of Hanoi’s urban water management system. With the use of chain theories it is shown that vertical
integration of urban agriculture is needed. A coevolutionary
institutional and technological approach
for developing environmentally safe periurban
agriculture is proposed that deals with both altering
physical flows as well as its supportive urban water management system
KW - IR-68567
M3 - Chapter
SN - 9788189610074
BT - Proceedings of the international workshop on environmental consequences of irrigation with poor quality waters : sustainability, management and institutional, water resource, health and social issues : 12 September 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
A2 - Ragab, Ragab
A2 - Koo-Oshima, Sasha
PB - ICID
CY - New Delhi
T2 - international workshop on environmental consequences of irrigation with poor quality waters : sustainability, management and institutional, water resource, health and social issues
Y2 - 1 September 2006 through 1 September 2006
ER -