On the surface topography of ultrashort laser pulse treated steel surface

This paper concentrates on observations of the surface topography by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on alloyed and stainless steels samples treated by ultrashort laser pulses with duration of 210 fs and 6.7 ps. Globular-like and jet-like objects were found depending on the various levels of the fluence applied. It is shown that these features appear due to solid–liquid and liquid–gas transitions within surface layer irradiated by intense laser light. The observations are confronted to the theory of short-pulsed laser light–matter interactions, including interference, excitation of electrons, electron–phonon coupling as well as subsequent ablation. It is shown that the orientation of small ripples does not always depend on the direction of the polarization of laser light.