TY - JOUR
T1 - Optical properties of highly-crystalline tin-doped indium oxide films in their near-zero permittivity spectral region
AU - Ghobadi, Hosein
AU - Smirnov, Yury
AU - Offerhaus, Herman L.
AU - Alvarez-chavez, Jose A.
AU - Morales-Masis, Monica
AU - De Leon, Israel
N1 - Funding Information:
CONACyT (Ciencia Básica) grant number 286150.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.
PY - 2022/1/1
Y1 - 2022/1/1
N2 - Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have recently attracted much attention in the fields of optics and photonics because of their outstanding linear and nonlinear optical response in the near-zero permittivity spectral region. The optical response of these materials can be further enhanced by optimizing the material properties through fabrication. In particular, two important TCO parameters affecting the strength of the optical interactions are the optical mobility and effective mass of free electrons. In this work, we fabricate epitaxial, highly-textured, and polycrystalline tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films to experimentally study the effect of the crystal quality on the optical mobility and effective electron mass, and on the optical properties of the material in the near-zero permittivity spectral region. Compared to polycrystalline ITO, we report an increase in the optical mobility from 38 to 67 cm2/Vs and a reduction in the effective mass from 0.3 m0 to 0.24 m0 in oxygen-deficient epitaxially grown ITO films. The improved material parameters reduces the imaginary part of the permittivity (from 0.56 to 0.42) and results in a steeper material dispersion for the high-crystal-quality ITO films. Based on these results, an analysis of the figure of merit for nonlinear refraction reveals that epi- and tex-ITO films can achieve a stronger nonlinear response than poly-ITO samples. Our results show that controlling the free-electron optical mobility and effective mass through crystal quality along with tuning the free-electron density allows for tailoring simultaneously the near-zero-permittivity wavelength and the optical losses at that wavelength, which is of utmost importance for the ENZ photonics applications.
AB - Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have recently attracted much attention in the fields of optics and photonics because of their outstanding linear and nonlinear optical response in the near-zero permittivity spectral region. The optical response of these materials can be further enhanced by optimizing the material properties through fabrication. In particular, two important TCO parameters affecting the strength of the optical interactions are the optical mobility and effective mass of free electrons. In this work, we fabricate epitaxial, highly-textured, and polycrystalline tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films to experimentally study the effect of the crystal quality on the optical mobility and effective electron mass, and on the optical properties of the material in the near-zero permittivity spectral region. Compared to polycrystalline ITO, we report an increase in the optical mobility from 38 to 67 cm2/Vs and a reduction in the effective mass from 0.3 m0 to 0.24 m0 in oxygen-deficient epitaxially grown ITO films. The improved material parameters reduces the imaginary part of the permittivity (from 0.56 to 0.42) and results in a steeper material dispersion for the high-crystal-quality ITO films. Based on these results, an analysis of the figure of merit for nonlinear refraction reveals that epi- and tex-ITO films can achieve a stronger nonlinear response than poly-ITO samples. Our results show that controlling the free-electron optical mobility and effective mass through crystal quality along with tuning the free-electron density allows for tailoring simultaneously the near-zero-permittivity wavelength and the optical losses at that wavelength, which is of utmost importance for the ENZ photonics applications.
KW - UT-Gold-D
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122032705&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1364/OME.445652
DO - 10.1364/OME.445652
M3 - Article
SN - 2159-3930
VL - 12
SP - 96
EP - 108
JO - Optical materials express
JF - Optical materials express
IS - 1
ER -