TY - JOUR
T1 - Plant siting and economic potential of ocean thermal energy conversion in Indonesia a novel GIS-based methodology
AU - Langer, Jannis
AU - Cahyaningwidi, Aida Astuti
AU - Chalkiadakis, C.
AU - Quist, Jaco
AU - Hoes, Olivier
AU - Block, Kornelis
N1 - Funding Information:
Work reported in this paper is partly funded by a grant from the Dutch research council NWO for the project entitled “Regional Development Planning and Ideal Lifestyle of Future Indonesia”, under the NWO Merian Fund call on collaboration with Indonesia. Many thanks to Berend Jan Kleute and Bluerise for inspiring discussions, as well as providing useful insights and data. The authors acknowledge useful discussions with the members of the TU Delft research circle on Ocean Energy and Renewable Energy Transitions on islands and Small Island Developing States. One of the authors (AAC) would also like to thank the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan – LPDP) for providing the funding of the initial master thesis work on which this paper partly foots.
Funding Information:
Work reported in this paper is partly funded by a grant from the Dutch research council NWO for the project entitled ?Regional Development Planning and Ideal Lifestyle of Future Indonesia?, under the NWO Merian Fund call on collaboration with Indonesia. Many thanks to Berend Jan Kleute and Bluerise for inspiring discussions, as well as providing useful insights and data. The authors acknowledge useful discussions with the members of the TU Delft research circle on Ocean Energy and Renewable Energy Transitions on islands and Small Island Developing States. One of the authors (AAC) would also like to thank the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan ? LPDP) for providing the funding of the initial master thesis work on which this paper partly foots.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s)
PY - 2021/6/1
Y1 - 2021/6/1
N2 - Indonesia strives for a renewable energy share of 23% by 2025. One option to contribute to this goal is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). Despite a global theoretical potential of up to 30 TW, its economically deployable share remains unknown. This paper proposes a novel methodology, which enables to determine OTEC’s economic potential for any regional scope considering technical, economic and natural variables. The methodology was tested for 100 MWe OTEC in Indonesia on a provincial and national level. Against a regionally variable electricity tariff of 6.67–18.14 US$ct.(2018)/kWh, the national economic potential is 0–2 GWe with a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) as low as 15.6 US$ct.(2018)/kWh. With an annual electricity production of 0–16 TWh, OTEC could provide up to 6% of Indonesia’s electricity demand in 2018. The capacity factor, capital expenses and discount rate are the most sensitive variables of the LCOE on average. A nationally uniform feed-in tariff of 18 US$ct.(2018)/kWh or more could increase the economic potential significantly. The proposed methodology can be a helpful quick-scan tool for determining economically interesting OTEC sites for follow-up in-depth feasibility studies. Limitations are discussed and future research, amongst others upscaling scenarios with cost reducing effects like technological learning, is recommended.
AB - Indonesia strives for a renewable energy share of 23% by 2025. One option to contribute to this goal is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). Despite a global theoretical potential of up to 30 TW, its economically deployable share remains unknown. This paper proposes a novel methodology, which enables to determine OTEC’s economic potential for any regional scope considering technical, economic and natural variables. The methodology was tested for 100 MWe OTEC in Indonesia on a provincial and national level. Against a regionally variable electricity tariff of 6.67–18.14 US$ct.(2018)/kWh, the national economic potential is 0–2 GWe with a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) as low as 15.6 US$ct.(2018)/kWh. With an annual electricity production of 0–16 TWh, OTEC could provide up to 6% of Indonesia’s electricity demand in 2018. The capacity factor, capital expenses and discount rate are the most sensitive variables of the LCOE on average. A nationally uniform feed-in tariff of 18 US$ct.(2018)/kWh or more could increase the economic potential significantly. The proposed methodology can be a helpful quick-scan tool for determining economically interesting OTEC sites for follow-up in-depth feasibility studies. Limitations are discussed and future research, amongst others upscaling scenarios with cost reducing effects like technological learning, is recommended.
KW - Renewable energy (RE)
KW - OTEC
KW - Geographic information system (GIS)
KW - LCOE
KW - Economic potential
KW - ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE
KW - ITC-HYBRID
UR - https://ezproxy2.utwente.nl/login?url=https://library.itc.utwente.nl/login/2021/isi/chalkiadakis_pla.pdf
U2 - 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120121
DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120121
M3 - Article
VL - 224
SP - 1
EP - 14
JO - Energy
JF - Energy
SN - 0360-5442
M1 - 120121
ER -