TY - JOUR
T1 - Removal of divalent ions from viscous polymer-flooding produced water and seawater via electrodialysis
AU - Sosa-Fernandez, P. A.
AU - Post, J. W.
AU - Leermakers, F. A.M.
AU - Rijnaarts, H. H.M.
AU - Bruning, H.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was performed in the cooperation framework of Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology ( www.wetsus.nl ). Wetsus is co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment , the European Union Regional Development Fund , the Province of Fryslân , and the Northern Netherlands Provinces . This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665874 . We are grateful to the participants of the research theme “Desalination” for fruitful discussions and financial support. The authors also would like to thank to Ms. Samittra Sitklang for carrying out part of the experimental work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors
PY - 2019/11/1
Y1 - 2019/11/1
N2 - The presence of multivalent ions in polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW) hampers its recycling mainly because i) they increase the risk of scaling and reservoir souring (sulfate), ii) they interfere with the viscosifying effect of the fresh polyelectrolyte. It is desirable to achieve the removal of most multivalent ions without completely desalting the stream. With the adequate process conditions, electrodialysis could help to achieve this goal, so this work focused on evaluating the removal of divalent ions from synthetic PFPW through varying operational conditions. The experimental work consisted on batch experiments run in an electrodialysis-stack composed of strong Neosepta ion-exchange membranes. Synthetic PFPW solutions containing a mixture of monovalent and divalent ions were desalted at four different current densities, and three different temperatures. Additionally, the effect of the dissolved polymer on the removal was assessed by performing half of the experiments on polymer-containing solutions and half of them on solutions without it. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve preferential removal of divalent cations (calcium and magnesium) through electrodialysis, especially when employing low current densities (24 A/m2) and high temperature (40 °C). The removal of sulfate, a divalent anion, is also accelerated in these conditions. The presence of polyelectrolyte did not significantly affect the removal rate of divalent ions. Thus, it is concluded that meticulous application of ED to minimize concentrations of divalent ions in PFPW is a potential effective way for water and polymer recycling in enhanced oil recovery situations, as an alternative to the use of other non-selective desalination technologies.
AB - The presence of multivalent ions in polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW) hampers its recycling mainly because i) they increase the risk of scaling and reservoir souring (sulfate), ii) they interfere with the viscosifying effect of the fresh polyelectrolyte. It is desirable to achieve the removal of most multivalent ions without completely desalting the stream. With the adequate process conditions, electrodialysis could help to achieve this goal, so this work focused on evaluating the removal of divalent ions from synthetic PFPW through varying operational conditions. The experimental work consisted on batch experiments run in an electrodialysis-stack composed of strong Neosepta ion-exchange membranes. Synthetic PFPW solutions containing a mixture of monovalent and divalent ions were desalted at four different current densities, and three different temperatures. Additionally, the effect of the dissolved polymer on the removal was assessed by performing half of the experiments on polymer-containing solutions and half of them on solutions without it. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve preferential removal of divalent cations (calcium and magnesium) through electrodialysis, especially when employing low current densities (24 A/m2) and high temperature (40 °C). The removal of sulfate, a divalent anion, is also accelerated in these conditions. The presence of polyelectrolyte did not significantly affect the removal rate of divalent ions. Thus, it is concluded that meticulous application of ED to minimize concentrations of divalent ions in PFPW is a potential effective way for water and polymer recycling in enhanced oil recovery situations, as an alternative to the use of other non-selective desalination technologies.
KW - Desalination
KW - Divalent ions
KW - Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
KW - Temperature
KW - Viscosity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85068660901&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117251
DO - 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117251
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85068660901
SN - 0376-7388
VL - 589
JO - Journal of membrane science
JF - Journal of membrane science
M1 - 117251
ER -