TY - JOUR
T1 - Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge
AU - Zarei, Talie
AU - Mirpour, Shahriar
AU - Nikmaram, Hamed
AU - Ghoranneviss, Mahmood
AU - Mirpour, Sahar
AU - Dorranian, Davoud
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - Effects of high frequency spark plasma discharge as a time efficiency method in order to softening the natural hard water has been investigated experimentally. A very hard water sample with 331 ± 19 mg/l of CaCO3 hardness was used. The current and voltage of each spike was about 9.6 A and 3.5 kV respectively at 16 kHz frequency with 35 μs pulse width. Hard water was treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The concentration of CaCO3, Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions and pH as well as water conductivity was controlled before and after treatment. The concentration of CaCO3 dropped by 70%, after 8 min treatment. During the treatment, the pH had a fluctuation about 1.5 and finally remained in neutral state. Also the elemental composition, crystalline structure and morphology of the precipitates were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the ozone and hydroxyl play important roles in the softening of the hard water.
AB - Effects of high frequency spark plasma discharge as a time efficiency method in order to softening the natural hard water has been investigated experimentally. A very hard water sample with 331 ± 19 mg/l of CaCO3 hardness was used. The current and voltage of each spike was about 9.6 A and 3.5 kV respectively at 16 kHz frequency with 35 μs pulse width. Hard water was treated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The concentration of CaCO3, Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions and pH as well as water conductivity was controlled before and after treatment. The concentration of CaCO3 dropped by 70%, after 8 min treatment. During the treatment, the pH had a fluctuation about 1.5 and finally remained in neutral state. Also the elemental composition, crystalline structure and morphology of the precipitates were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the ozone and hydroxyl play important roles in the softening of the hard water.
KW - Calcium
KW - Hard water
KW - High frequency spark plasma
KW - Magnesium
KW - Precipitation
KW - n/a OA procedure
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84995450814&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x
DO - 10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84995450814
SN - 0272-4324
VL - 37
SP - 99
EP - 114
JO - Plasma chemistry and plasma processing
JF - Plasma chemistry and plasma processing
IS - 1
ER -