Spatial implications of remote work: insights from seven European case studies

In recent years, the rise of remote work has significantly impacted the dynamics of work and living environments across Europe and beyond, yet its spatial implications remain underexplored. This paper examines the spatial implications of remote work through a cross-case analysis of seven European case studies at the NUTS3 level- Barcelona, Lisbon, Milan, Vienna, Enschede, Stockholm, and Volos- drawing on primary data from 19 semi-structured interviews. The study focuses on five aspects of spatial implications: new spatialities and multilocality; urban development trends; housing and office demand; mobility and transport infrastructure; and the urban-rural divide. Through thematic and cross-case analysis, the paper identifies shared patterns and place-specific dynamics influenced by governance structures, housing markets, and transport systems. Findings suggest that while remote work is linked to residential relocation, reduced office demand, and increased multilocality, its impacts are shaped by local housing markets, governance structures, and transport systems. Cities with strong public infrastructure and housing regulations appear more adaptable, while others face challenges such as affordability issues, gentrification, and infrastructure gaps. The study contributes to the literature by bridging a critical gap in understanding how remote work reshapes urban and regional spaces beyond economic and technological lenses. It highlights the necessity for adaptable governance approaches that account for multilocal living, infrastructure needs, and spatial justice, thereby offering vital insights for spatial planners and policymakers navigating the post-pandemic urban transition. The findings underscore planning systems' role in fostering resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban regions under the pressures and opportunities introduced by remote work.