Stakeholder Perspectives on Microgrid Interoperability in Energy Access

Interoperability is critical for the sustainability and scalability of decentralized energy systems. It facilitates self-coordination, component replacement, system expansion, upgrades, and integration with other systems, including the main grid. Despite its importance, achieving interoperability in the energy access sector remains a challenge, as stakeholders have diverse perspectives on approaches and strategies to achieve interoperability, creating further complexity. This study explores stakeholder perspectives on how microgrid interoperability can be achieved in the context of energy access, using Indonesia as a case study. To capture the diversity and subjectivity of expert opinions, the study employs the Q methodology, marking the first application of this method to the topic of interoperability. The study advances the theoretical understanding of interoperability in decentralized energy systems by revealing four distinct stakeholder perspectives, namely (1) Harmonization Promoters, (2) Industry Allies, (3) Tech Proponents, and (4) Public Advocates. Although there are some areas of consensus, stakeholders differ in their views on standardization, technical features, and stakeholder roles. These differences highlight the competing priorities that influence decision making on approaches to interoperability that balance technical, regulatory, and market considerations. This study provides practical insights for developing more inclusive and effective interoperability strategies, supported by empirical evidence derived from primary data gathered from relevant stakeholders.