TY - JOUR
T1 - Supply chain optimization for electricity-based jet fuel
T2 - The case study Germany
AU - Wassermann, Timo
AU - Muehlenbrock, Henry
AU - Kenkel, Philipp
AU - Zondervan, Edwin
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (grant number 03EIV051A).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/2/1
Y1 - 2022/2/1
N2 - Electricity-based jet fuel from renewables, also labeled sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), is expected to play a key role in the defossilization of aviation. The realization of first plants for the production of such power-to-liquid (PtL) fuels is imminent. This raises the challenge of an effective PtL supply chain design, which is addressed in this work. A novel optimization approach is introduced that enables an integrated selection of sites and technologies. Economically favorable supply chain designs are presented for the case study of Germany, with production primarily located in the wind power rich greater North Sea coast area. The Heide Refinery and Emsland Lingen Refinery sites are particularly suited for fuel synthesis, while cement and iron & steel plants are preferred as CO2 point sources. This study shows that at an electricity price of 0.05 € kWh−1, the costs for SAF production and supply range from 2052 to 2258 € t−1. The minimum is obtained at a production volume equivalent to 4 % of the national jet fuel demand. To achieve the envisioned 2030 target of 2 % PtL SAF, an investment volume of 1.6 B€ is expected.
AB - Electricity-based jet fuel from renewables, also labeled sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), is expected to play a key role in the defossilization of aviation. The realization of first plants for the production of such power-to-liquid (PtL) fuels is imminent. This raises the challenge of an effective PtL supply chain design, which is addressed in this work. A novel optimization approach is introduced that enables an integrated selection of sites and technologies. Economically favorable supply chain designs are presented for the case study of Germany, with production primarily located in the wind power rich greater North Sea coast area. The Heide Refinery and Emsland Lingen Refinery sites are particularly suited for fuel synthesis, while cement and iron & steel plants are preferred as CO2 point sources. This study shows that at an electricity price of 0.05 € kWh−1, the costs for SAF production and supply range from 2052 to 2258 € t−1. The minimum is obtained at a production volume equivalent to 4 % of the national jet fuel demand. To achieve the envisioned 2030 target of 2 % PtL SAF, an investment volume of 1.6 B€ is expected.
KW - Carbon capture and utilization
KW - Jet fuel
KW - Kerosene
KW - Power-to-liquid
KW - Supply chain optimization
KW - Sustainable aviation fuel
KW - 22/4 OA procedure
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85120679655&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117683
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117683
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85120679655
VL - 307
JO - Applied energy
JF - Applied energy
SN - 0306-2619
M1 - 117683
ER -