TY - JOUR
T1 - Susceptibility of Static Energy Meters due to Amplifier Clipping Caused by a Rogowski Coil
AU - Hartman, Tom H.F.
AU - ten Have, Bas
AU - Dijkstra, Johan
AU - Grootjans, Roelof
AU - Moonen, Niek
AU - Leferink, Frank
N1 - Manuscript received 28 June 2022; accepted 8 August 2022. This work
was supported by EMPIR Programme through Participating States and European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Project
17NRM02 MeterEMI. (Corresponding author: Tom Hartman.)
Tom Hartman, Bas ten Have, Johan Dijkstra, Roelof Grootjans, and
Niek Moonen are with the University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede,
The Netherlands (e-mail: tom.hartman@utwente.nl; bas.tenhave@utwente.
nl; j.k.dijkstra@student.utwente.nl; r.grootjans@utwente.nl; d.j.g.moonen@
utwente.nl).
Frank Leferink is with the University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The
Netherlands, and also with the THALES Nederland B.V., 7554 RR Hengelo,
The Netherlands (e-mail: leferink@ieee.org).
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2022.3204391.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2022.3204391
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Static energy meters installed in households, used for billing purposes of the energy consumption, have shown errors due to conducted electromagnetic interference coming from appliances in household situations. This resulted in over- and underestimations of the energy bill, and even in a perceived energy generation. The currents causing interference are known to be nonlinear pulsed currents with fast slopes. This article shows that clipping of the amplifier, following the Rogowski coil, which is used as the current sensing element, results in distorted energy measurements. Due to the pulsed nature of the current, the output of the Rogowski coil exceeds the maximum input voltage of the amplifier, resulting in clipping at the output of the amplifier. This clipped signal is then integrated in the digital chain, resulting in an offset in the perceived current. Hence, causing a higher or lower energy calculation, depending on the phase firing angle and the fastest edge of the pulse. It is found that parameters, such as the slew rate, rise and fall times, and firing angle, are correlated to the interference on static energy meters.
AB - Static energy meters installed in households, used for billing purposes of the energy consumption, have shown errors due to conducted electromagnetic interference coming from appliances in household situations. This resulted in over- and underestimations of the energy bill, and even in a perceived energy generation. The currents causing interference are known to be nonlinear pulsed currents with fast slopes. This article shows that clipping of the amplifier, following the Rogowski coil, which is used as the current sensing element, results in distorted energy measurements. Due to the pulsed nature of the current, the output of the Rogowski coil exceeds the maximum input voltage of the amplifier, resulting in clipping at the output of the amplifier. This clipped signal is then integrated in the digital chain, resulting in an offset in the perceived current. Hence, causing a higher or lower energy calculation, depending on the phase firing angle and the fastest edge of the pulse. It is found that parameters, such as the slew rate, rise and fall times, and firing angle, are correlated to the interference on static energy meters.
KW - Amplifier
KW - Clipping
KW - Conducted
KW - Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
KW - Nonlinear equipment
KW - Phase firing angle
KW - Pulsed currents
KW - Rogowski coil
KW - Static energy meter (SM)
KW - 22/4 OA procedure
U2 - 10.1109/TEMC.2022.3204391
DO - 10.1109/TEMC.2022.3204391
M3 - Article
VL - 64
SP - 2024
EP - 2032
JO - IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility
JF - IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility
SN - 0018-9375
IS - 6
ER -