@article{55f5e751f54a4b979502082db8e5bb4a,
title = "The Coastal Genesis 2 research programme: Outputs, Outcomes and Impact",
abstract = "The long-term sediment demand of the Dutch coast is integral to the current Dutch Coastal Flood and Erosion Risk Management policy. The Coastal Genesis 2 research programme was initiated to address the sustainability of this policy under sea level rise by focusing on key uncertainties in the conceptual model of the sediment demand of the Dutch coast. The substantive scientific contributions of the Coastal Genesis 2 research programme are analysed in this paper by applying an output-outcome-impact framework. The direct outputs of the programme are categorised in terms of the knowledge types of a 5-element framework, namely measurement data, simulation models, system understanding, conceptual models, and policy and practice. The research outcomes arise from the interactions of these knowledge types. Our analysis of these outcomes highlights that synthesising new scientific insights into shared conceptual models is critical to achieving impact in policy and practice. In the Dutch situation, a new shared conceptual model of the long-term sediment demand enabled the development of four potential nourishment strategies aiming to meet the strategic goals of the Coastal Flood and Erosion Risk Management policy on a timescale up to 20 years. In 2021, the Minister of Infrastructure and Water Management officially articulated her intention to adopt the advised nourishment strategy from 2024 onwards. This represents a lasting impact of the Coastal Genesis 2 research programme in policy and practice. Further, the insight regarding the pivotal role of shared conceptual models as intermediary between science, policy and practice may prove useful in the design of future research programmes aiming to influence policy.",
keywords = "Dutch Coastal policy development, Sediment budget, Nourishment strategy, Conceptual model, Flood and Erosion risk, Policy impact",
author = "Q.J. Lodder and J.H. Slinger and Z.B. Wang and {Van der Spek}, A.J.F. and M.P. Hijma and M. Taal and {Van gelder-Maas}, C. and {De looff}, H. and J. Litjens and C.A. Schipper and M. L{\"o}ffler and A.J. Nolte and {Van oeveren}, C. and {Van der werf}, J.J. and B.T. Grasmeijer and E.P.L. Elias and H. Holzhauer and P.K. Tonnon",
note = "Funding Information: As the rate of sea level rise (SLR) is expected to increase under climate change (IPCC, 2019, 2021), the sand volumes required for coastal nourishment under this policy will increase in the future (Rijkswaterstaat, 2020b). This raises questions regarding the sustainability of the approach, leading to the initiation of the Coastal Genesis 2 (Kustgenese 2) research programme in 2015 by Rijkswaterstaat. Whereas the earlier Coastal Genesis (Kustgenese) research programme (1980's and 1990's) can be viewed as a concerted scientific and policy effort focused on halting the structural erosion of the Dutch coastline (Min. VenW, 1990; Stive et al., 1990; Mulder et al., 2011), the CG2 research programme aimed at developing a robust and sustainable long-term coastal management strategy. The research programme commenced in 2015 and in 2021 delivered policy advice to the Directorate General Water and Soil – the policy directorate responsible for the Dutch coastal management policy within the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (see Fig. 1 in Lodder and Slinger, 2022). The programme developed scientific insights into the long-term dynamics of the Dutch coastal system, in cooperation with Dutch research institute Deltares, various universities (via the Dutch Research Council (NWO) project SEAWAD) and private parties. In essence, Rijkswaterstaat organised and coordinated the research to inform and improve existing Coastal Flood and Erosion Risk Management (CFERM) policy and then synthesised the outcomes into policy advice, fulfilling its role as operational directorate within the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. This iterative process whereby research supports policy development is termed the {\textquoteleft}Research for Policy{\textquoteright} cycle (Lodder and Slinger, 2022) and is based on the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) learning cycle introduced by Olsen et al. (1997). Here, the research aimed to provide answers regarding the sustainability of the current policy and associated practice of nourishing the Dutch coast with a focus on flood safety rather than addressing socio-economic developments.This study was carried out within the framework of the Coastal Genesis 2 (Kustgenese 2) research program conducted by Rijkswaterstaat and Deltares. The NWO project SEAWAD was conducted simultaneous with the Coastal Genesis project, which has led to many valuable interactions. Many colleagues, besides the authors, have contributed to the work described in this paper and we acknowledge their contributions. The preparation of this paper was supported by Rijkswaterstaat and the Multi Actor Systems research programme of Delft University of Technology. Collaboration occurred with the Coping with Deltas in Transition framework of the Program Strategic Scientific Alliances between China and the Netherlands (project no. PSA-SA-E-02), financed by the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding Information: This study was carried out within the framework of the Coastal Genesis 2 (Kustgenese 2) research program conducted by Rijkswaterstaat and Deltares. The NWO project SEAWAD was conducted simultaneous with the Coastal Genesis project, which has led to many valuable interactions. Many colleagues, besides the authors, have contributed to the work described in this paper and we acknowledge their contributions. The preparation of this paper was supported by Rijkswaterstaat and the Multi Actor Systems research programme of Delft University of Technology . Collaboration occurred with the Coping with Deltas in Transition framework of the Program Strategic Scientific Alliances between China and the Netherlands (project no. PSA-SA-E-02), financed by the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) . The authors declare no conflict of interest. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106499",
language = "English",
volume = "237",
journal = "Ocean & coastal management",
issn = "0964-5691",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}
