@article{c98311b9ef7f43f29c942557678799ae,
title = "The effect of buoyancy driven convection on the growth and dissolution of bubbles on electrodes",
abstract = "Enhancing the efficiency of water electrolysis, which can be severely impacted by the nucleation and growth of bubbles, is key in the energy transition. In this combined experimental and numerical study, in-situ bubble evolution and dissolution processes are imaged and compared to numerical simulations employing the immersed boundary method. We find that it is crucial to include solutal driven natural convection in order to represent the experimentally observed bubble behaviour even though such effects have commonly been neglected in modelling efforts so far. We reveal how the convective patterns depend on current densities and bubble spacings, leading to distinctively different bubble growth and shrinkage dynamics. Bubbles are seen to promote the convective instability if their spacing is large (≥4 mm for the present conditions), whereas the onset of convection is delayed if the inter-bubble distance is smaller. Our approach and our results can help devise efficient mass transfer solutions for gas evolving electrodes.",
keywords = "Bubbles, Confocal microscopy, Natural convection, Numerical simulation, Water electrolysis, UT-Hybrid-D",
author = "Farzan Sepahi and Nakul Pande and Chong, {Kai Leong} and Guido Mul and Roberto Verzicco and Detlef Lohse and Mei, {Bastian T.} and Dominik Krug",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC), an NWO Gravitation programme funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the government of the Netherlands. This research also received funding from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in the framework of the fund New Chemical Innovations, project ELECTROGAS (731.015.204), with financial support of Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Shell Global Solutions, Magneto Special Anodes (an Evoqua Brand), and Elson Technologies. This project also received funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 950111 BU-PACT, No. 740479 DDD, and the Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie grant agreement No 801359). We also acknowledge PRACE for awarding access to MareNostrum at Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain (Project 2020225335 and 2020235589) and the Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics for financial support. Funding Information: This work was supported by the Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC), an NWO Gravitation programme funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the government of the Netherlands. This research also received funding from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in the framework of the fund New Chemical Innovations, project ELECTROGAS (731.015.204), with financial support of Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Shell Global Solutions, Magneto Special Anodes (an Evoqua Brand), and Elson Technologies. This project also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 950111 BU-PACT, No. 740479 DDD, and the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie grant agreement No 801359). We also acknowledge PRACE for awarding access to MareNostrum at Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Spain (Project 2020225335 and 2020235589) and the Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics for financial support. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",
year = "2022",
month = jan,
day = "20",
doi = "10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139616",
language = "English",
volume = "403",
journal = "Electrochimica acta",
issn = "0013-4686",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}