@article{e903c690834a4f7e85cc2615cb74e0ab,
title = "The effects of transitions in cover type and height on the wave overtopping load on grass-covered flood defences",
abstract = "Grass cover erosion by overtopping waves is one of the main failure mechanisms of grass-covered flood defences. Observations have shown that grass cover erosion often starts at transitions such as changes in cover type and geometric changes. However, it is unclear how the effect of transitions on the overtopping load can be included in existing erosion models. In this study, the increase in load as the result of transitions in cover type and height are quantified using a numerical model in OpenFOAM{\textregistered}. The hydraulic load by overtopping waves is simulated for various transitions in cover type on the crest and a landward berm as well as height transitions on the crest and the slope. The model results show that transitions in cover type have a limited effect on the hydraulic load contrary to height transitions that lead to more than doubling of the hydraulic load. Formulations for the maximum shear stress and the maximum normal stress as result of height transitions are determined based on a fit through the model results. These formulations can be used to include the effects of height transitions in existing calculation methods for the erosion by overtopping waves and the safety assessment of flood defences.",
keywords = "Hydraulic forces, OpenFOAM, Erosion, Levee, Revetment, Transition, UT-Hybrid-D",
author = "{Van Bergeijk}, {Vera M.} and Warmink, {Jord J.} and Hulscher, {Suzanne J.M.H.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Vera van Bergeijk reports financial support was provided by Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research. Vera van Bergeijk reports financial support was provided by Rijkswaterstaat Water Traffic and Living Environment. Vera van Bergeijk reports financial support was provided by European Regional Development Fund. Funding Information: This work is part of the research programme All-Risk, Implementation of new risk standards in the Dutch flood protection program (P15-21), which is (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Additionally, this work was funded by Rijkswaterstaat and funded by the Interreg 2 Seas program 2014–2020, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund with contract number 2S07-023. This work was carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative. Finally, we want to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments that greatly improved the quality of this paper. Funding Information: This work is part of the research programme All-Risk, Implementation of new risk standards in the Dutch flood protection program (P15-21), which is (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Additionally, this work was funded by Rijkswaterstaat and funded by the Interreg 2 Seas program 2014–2020, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund with contract number 2S07-023 . This work was carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative. Finally, we want to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments that greatly improved the quality of this paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Author(s)",
year = "2022",
month = aug,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.apor.2022.103220",
language = "English",
volume = "125",
journal = "Applied ocean research",
issn = "0141-1187",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}