The use of XR technology in criminal justice teaching and education: a scoping review

XR technology (an umbrella term that incorporates virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and in some opinions, 360 immersive video) offers considerable potential for supporting learning in the criminal justice sector. The use of XR can allow students and trainees to experience hard-to-reach, risky and dangerous scenarios, and to safely practice repeated learning in order to develop skills and expertise. Despite this potential, the extent to which XR technology has been introduced into criminal justice education and training is relatively limited. A scoping review was undertaken to assess current applications, areas of strength and limitations in current provision, and to identify recommendations for future XR enhanced educational approaches. The review identified that the use of XR technology was somewhat limited to small, stand-alone simulations. With some exceptions, the application of educational theory was also limited. Efforts to assess the effectiveness of simulations often relied on self-reported measures. The review concludes that there is potential for XR technology to impact criminal justice education and training in a positive way, but this needs to be built on a solid empirical and theoretical foundation.