Three-dimensional flow in electromagnetically driven shallow two-layer fluids

Recent experiments on a freely evolving dipolar vortex in a homogeneous shallow fluid layer have clearly shown the existence and evolution of complex three-dimensional 3D flow structures. The present contribution focuses on the 3D structures of a dipolar vortex evolving in a stable shallow two-layer fluid. Experimentally, Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry is used to measure instantaneously all three components of the velocity ﬿eld in a horizontal plane and 3D numerical simulations provide the full 3D velocity and vorticity ﬿elds over the entire flow domain. Remarkably, the experimental results, supported by the numerical simulations, show to a large extent the same 3D structures and evolution as in the single-layer case. The numerical simulations indicate that the so-called frontal circulation in the two-layer fluid is due to deformations of the internal interface. The 3D flow structures will also affect the distribution of massless passive particles released the free surface. With numerical studies it is shown that these passive particles tend to accumulate or deplete locally where the horizontal velocity ﬿eld is not divergence-free. This is in contrast with pure two-dimensional incompressible flows where the divergence of the velocity ﬿eld is zero by de﬿nition.