Transport and the environment: The contribution of national and local policies

Transport is by far the most important sector for NO(x) emissions in the Netherlands, accounting for a share of about 60% in 2020, while the share of N₂O emissions from transport is much lower: about 10% to 15%. This paper documents transport forecasts (volumes, energy use, emissions) for three macro-economic and two policy scenarios (conventional solutions, liveable cities) for the 1995-2020 period. Both national and local policies for transport volumes and (NO(x)) emissions, along with their effects, are described. National policies include (EU) regulations for vehicles and fuels, pricing policy, public transport policies and national guidelines for policies on parking and land use. The most important local policies are those for parking, land use, cycling and restrictions for motorised vehicles.