@article{e14928fcf31444ce8b2696a08a259654,
title = "Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of polymers",
abstract = "During the past three decades, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of polymer films has evolved from a sort of appearance-potential (valence band edge) measurement, into a tool for studying the full valence band region of thin polymer films, including insulating polymers, semiconducting polymers and electrically conducting polymers. Progress may be loosely divided into several categories: (A) the melding of thin polymer film technology with ultra high vacuum technology and the widespread use of helium resonance lamps for studies of solid surfaces; (B) the combined approach of measurements and appropriate theoretical-computational methods; and (C) the advent of synchrotron radiation resulting in multi-photon spectroscopies, nominally in the area of the near UV. A coincident discovery of electrically conducting polymers, and especially the evolution of applications of semiconducting polymers, added technologically driven emphasis to this development of UPS for polymer materials. This contribution traces a limited number of highlights in the evolution of UPS of polymers, from the '70's through to 2005.",
keywords = "Polymers, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, UPS",
author = "{De Jong}, {M. P.} and R. Friedlein and W. Osikowicz and Salaneck, {W. R.} and M. Fahlman",
note = "Funding Information: WRS is grateful to Prof. H. Inokuchi and Prof. K. Seki for the invitation to present this summary at the 54th Fujihara Seminar, in September 2005. The first ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of polymers by WRS was carried out under the auspices of Dr. C. B. Duke, and within the Xerox Webster Research Center, NY, USA. The collaborations with J. L. Br{\'e}das on a combined theoretical-experimental approach (and with C. B. Duke, before the terminology {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}combined theoretical-experimental approach{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} was ever used) are gratefully acknowledged. M. P. de Jong, W. Osikowicz, and R. Friedlein, are supported by the EU-Integrated Project NAIMO (NAnoscale Integrated processing of self-organising Multifunctional Organic materials, Project number NMP4-CT-2004-500355). Research in Link{\"o}ping in general is supported by the Swedish Science Foundation (Vetenskaps R{\aa}det), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (through the Center for Advanced Molecular Materials, CAMM, and the Center for Organic Electronics, COE), as well as contracts with DuPont Corporation, USA, and Merck Chemicals, UK.",
year = "2006",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1080/15421400600698386",
language = "English",
volume = "455",
pages = "193--203",
journal = "Molecular crystals and liquid crystals",
issn = "1542-1406",
publisher = "Taylor & Francis",
number = "1",
}