Using i∗ to Analyze Ethicality Requirements Following Ontology-Based Requirements Engineering

New developments on Information Systems (ISs) and especially on Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been posing continuous risks to humans and societies, going beyond problems of security and safety and including many more ethical problems. In this context, ethicality becomes a major requirement for AI systems that prevents them from being biased, making mistakes, or going rogue. Requirements Engineering (RE) is the research area that can support the development of ethical systems by design. However, proposing concepts, tools, and techniques that support the expression, analysis, and operationalization of ethicality requirements remains a great challenge in the RE field. In our work, we rely on Ontology-based Requirements Engineering (ObRE) as a method to elicit and analyze ethicality requirements, defined with basis on the following principles: Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Explicability, and Autonomy. This chapter presents requirements elicitation and analysis guidelines for each of these principles. The guidelines have been carefully crafted with basis on an ontological analysis effort previously done. In addition, we use a driverless car case to illustrate our work. Based on the guidelines and the ontological concepts, we present the analysis of this case by using i*, which we consider particularly suitable for the analysis of ethicality requirements. The reason for such suitability comes from the close alignment of i* with the ontological concepts that serve to define ethicality requirements. This is also discussed in the chapter.